Transcript: argument types

In the world of speech competitions, understanding argument types can be the secret to convincing and captivating an audience. There are several common types of arguments, five of them are: the Factual Argument, the Argument by Analogy, the Normative Argument, the Argument by Authority, and the Counterargument. They all have different strengths and weaknesses with regard to persuasiveness that you need to understand if you want to use them.

Let’s dive right in! 

First up, the Factual Argument. This type relies on hard evidence and data. It's like saying, "The Earth is round," because science backs it up. Factual Arguments are strong in persuasiveness when the evidence is solid, but they can falter if the facts are disputed or outdated or if they are taken out of context. For example, if I say, "Studies show that regular exercise improves mental health," I’m using factual evidence to support my claim.

Next, the Argument by Analogy. This type draws parallels to explain complex ideas simply. For instance, "Just as a car needs fuel to run, our brains need information to function effectively." Analogies can be persuasive by making concepts relatable, but they might weaken if the comparison doesn’t hold up under scrutiny - if apples are compared to oranges.

Then, there's the Normative Argument, which appeals to values and morals. For example, "We should reduce plastic use to protect the environment." These arguments resonate emotionally and can be persuasive if the audience shares the same values. However, they might struggle if the audience holds different beliefs.

The Argument by Authority leans on expertise. Think of quoting a renowned scientist to support a claim. For example: "According to Dr. Smith, a leading scientist in climate change, we must reduce our carbon emissions now!" This type is persuasive when the authority is respected, but it can lose impact if the authority is questioned or irrelevant.

Lastly, the Counterargument challenges a particular claim or position. An example is: "Some may argue that a four-day workweek could lead to increased stress for employees, as they would have to complete the same amount of work in fewer days. However, studies have shown that employees adapt by prioritizing tasks more effectively." Including Counterarguments strengthens the original argument by showing that it can withstand criticism and that the author has a well-rounded understanding of the topic.

Understanding these argument types and their strengths and weaknesses can elevate a speech from ordinary to extraordinary.